| UDP: Message Passing |
Another kind of client-server setup is one that uses not connections, but messages. UDP communications involve much lower overhead but also provide less reliability, as there are no promises that messages will arrive at all, let alone in order and unmangled. Still, UDP offers some advantages over TCP, including being able to ``broadcast'' or ``multicast'' to a whole bunch of destination hosts at once (usually on your local subnet). If you find yourself overly concerned about reliability and start building checks into your message system, then you probably should use just TCP to start with.
Note that UDP datagrams are not a bytestream and should not be treated
as such. This makes using I/O mechanisms with internal buffering
like stdio (i.e. print() and friends) especially cumbersome. Use syswrite(),
or better send(), like in the example below.
Here's a UDP program similar to the sample Internet TCP client given
earlier. However, instead of checking one host at a time, the UDP version
will check many of them asynchronously by simulating a multicast and then
using select() to do a timed-out wait for I/O. To do something similar
with TCP, you'd have to use a different socket handle for each host.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use Socket;
use Sys::Hostname;
my ( $count, $hisiaddr, $hispaddr, $histime,
$host, $iaddr, $paddr, $port, $proto,
$rin, $rout, $rtime, $SECS_of_70_YEARS);
$SECS_of_70_YEARS = 2208988800;
$iaddr = gethostbyname(hostname());
$proto = getprotobyname('udp');
$port = getservbyname('time', 'udp');
$paddr = sockaddr_in(0, $iaddr); # 0 means let kernel pick
socket(SOCKET, PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, $proto) || die "socket: $!";
bind(SOCKET, $paddr) || die "bind: $!";
$| = 1;
printf "%-12s %8s %s\n", "localhost", 0, scalar localtime time;
$count = 0;
for $host (@ARGV) {
$count++;
$hisiaddr = inet_aton($host) || die "unknown host";
$hispaddr = sockaddr_in($port, $hisiaddr);
defined(send(SOCKET, 0, 0, $hispaddr)) || die "send $host: $!";
}
$rin = '';
vec($rin, fileno(SOCKET), 1) = 1;
# timeout after 10.0 seconds
while ($count && select($rout = $rin, undef, undef, 10.0)) {
$rtime = '';
($hispaddr = recv(SOCKET, $rtime, 4, 0)) || die "recv: $!";
($port, $hisiaddr) = sockaddr_in($hispaddr);
$host = gethostbyaddr($hisiaddr, AF_INET);
$histime = unpack("N", $rtime) - $SECS_of_70_YEARS ;
printf "%-12s ", $host;
printf "%8d %s\n", $histime - time, scalar localtime($histime);
$count--;
}
Note that this example does not include any retries and may consequently fail to contact a reachable host. The most prominent reason for this is congestion of the queues on the sending host if the number of list of hosts to contact is sufficiently large.
| UDP: Message Passing |