File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names

NAME

File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names

SYNOPSIS

        use File::Spec;
        $x=File::Spec->catfile('a', 'b', 'c');

which returns 'a/b/c' under Unix. Or:

        use File::Spec::Functions;
        $x = catfile('a', 'b', 'c');

DESCRIPTION

This module is designed to support operations commonly performed on file specifications (usually called ``file names'', but not to be confused with the contents of a file, or Perl's file handles), such as concatenating several directory and file names into a single path, or determining whether a path is rooted. It is based on code directly taken from MakeMaker 5.17, code written by Andreas König, Andy Dougherty, Charles Bailey, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Schinder, and others.

Since these functions are different for most operating systems, each set of OS specific routines is available in a separate module, including:

        File::Spec::Unix
        File::Spec::Mac
        File::Spec::OS2
        File::Spec::Win32
        File::Spec::VMS

The module appropriate for the current OS is automatically loaded by File::Spec. Since some modules (like VMS) make use of facilities available only under that OS, it may not be possible to load all modules under all operating systems.

Since File::Spec is object oriented, subroutines should not be called directly, as in:

        File::Spec::catfile('a','b');

but rather as class methods:

        File::Spec->catfile('a','b');

For simple uses, the File::Spec::Functions manpage provides convenient functional forms of these methods.

METHODS

canonpath
No physical check on the filesystem, but a logical cleanup of a path. 
    $cpath = File::Spec->canonpath( $path ) ;

catdir
Concatenate two or more directory names to form a complete path ending with a directory. But remove the trailing slash from the resulting string, because it doesn't look good, isn't necessary and confuses OS2. Of course, if this is the root directory, don't cut off the trailing slash :-) 
    $path = File::Spec->catdir( @directories );

catfile
Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a complete path ending with a filename 
    $path = File::Spec->catfile( @directories, $filename );

curdir
Returns a string representation of the current directory. 
    $curdir = File::Spec->curdir();

devnull
Returns a string representation of the null device. 
    $devnull = File::Spec->devnull();

rootdir
Returns a string representation of the root directory. 
    $rootdir = File::Spec->rootdir();

tmpdir
Returns a string representation of the first writable directory from a list of possible temporary directories. Returns the current directory if no writable temporary directories are found. The list of directories checked depends on the platform; e.g. File::Spec::Unix checks $ENV{TMPDIR} (unless taint is on) and /tmp. 
    $tmpdir = File::Spec->tmpdir();

updir
Returns a string representation of the parent directory. 
    $updir = File::Spec->updir();

no_upwards
Given a list of file names, strip out those that refer to a parent directory. (Does not strip symlinks, only '.', '..', and equivalents.) 
    @paths = File::Spec->no_upwards( @paths );

case_tolerant
Returns a true or false value indicating, respectively, that alphabetic is not or is significant when comparing file specifications. 
    $is_case_tolerant = File::Spec->case_tolerant();

file_name_is_absolute
Takes as argument a path and returns true if it is an absolute path. 
    $is_absolute = File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute( $path );

This does not consult the local filesystem on Unix, Win32, OS/2, or Mac OS (Classic). It does consult the working environment for VMS (see file_name_is_absolute in the File::Spec::VMS manpage).

path
Takes no argument, returns the environment variable PATH as an array. 
    @PATH = File::Spec->path();

join
join is the same as catfile.

splitpath
Splits a path in to volume, directory, and filename portions. On systems with no concept of volume, returns '' for volume. 
    ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path );
    ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path, $no_file );

For systems with no syntax differentiating filenames from directories, assumes that the last file is a path unless $no_file is true or a trailing separator or /. or /.. is present. On Unix this means that $no_file true makes this return ( '', $path, '' ).

The directory portion may or may not be returned with a trailing '/'.

The results can be passed to catpath() to get back a path equivalent to (usually identical to) the original path.

splitdir
The opposite of catdir(). 
    @dirs = File::Spec->splitdir( $directories );

$directories must be only the directory portion of the path on systems that have the concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates files from directories.

Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty directory names ('') can be returned, because these are significant on some OSs.

catpath()
Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. Under Unix, $volume is ignored, and directory and file are concatenated. A '/' is inserted if need be. On other OSs, $volume is significant. 
    $full_path = File::Spec->catpath( $volume, $directory, $file );

abs2rel
Takes a destination path and an optional base path returns a relative path from the base path to the destination path: 
    $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path ) ;
    $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path, $base ) ;

If $base is not present or '', then cwd() is used. If $base is relative, then it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to cwd().

On systems with the concept of a volume, this assumes that both paths are on the $destination volume, and ignores the $base volume.

On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the $base filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories.

If $path is relative, it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to cwd().

No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is interaction with the working environment, as logicals and macros are expanded.

Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.

rel2abs()
Converts a relative path to an absolute path. 
    $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path ) ;
    $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path, $base ) ;

If $base is not present or '', then cwd() is used. If $base is relative, then it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to cwd().

On systems with the concept of a volume, this assumes that both paths are on the $base volume, and ignores the $path volume.

On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the $base filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories.

If $path is absolute, it is cleaned up and returned using canonpath().

No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is interaction with the working environment, as logicals and macros are expanded.

Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.

For further information, please see the File::Spec::Unix manpage, the File::Spec::Mac manpage, the File::Spec::OS2 manpage, the File::Spec::Win32 manpage, or the File::Spec::VMS manpage.

SEE ALSO

the File::Spec::Unix manpage, the File::Spec::Mac manpage, the File::Spec::OS2 manpage, the File::Spec::Win32 manpage, the File::Spec::VMS manpage, the File::Spec::Functions manpage, the ExtUtils::MakeMaker manpage

AUTHORS

Kenneth Albanowski <kjahds@kjahds.com>, Andy Dougherty <doughera@lafayette.edu>, Andreas König <A.Koenig@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE>, Tim Bunce VMS support by Charles Bailey <bailey@newman.upenn.edu>. OS/2 support by Ilya Zakharevich <ilya@math.ohio-state.edu>. Mac support by Paul Schinder <schinder@pobox.com>, and Thomas Wegner <wegner_thomas@yahoo.com>. abs2rel() and rel2abs() written by Shigio Yamaguchi <shigio@tamacom.com>, modified by Barrie Slaymaker <barries@slaysys.com>. splitpath(), splitdir(), catpath() and catdir() by Barrie Slaymaker.

 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names